Why did a saltmarsh wetland area die?
A new golf course was built in Florida. The golf course was built over some existing marshes, which in Florida requires the builder of the course to create more marshlands somewhere else. These newly created marshlands, called mitigation areas (mitigating, or making up for the loss of wetlands), are required to be monitored twice a year to see that they are created correctly and that the newly created wetland is growing and progressing toward offering the same ecological function as the wetlands that were destroyed. This monitoring is conducted by qualified wetland biologists.
At nine of the ten marshland mitigation areas of this golf course, the wetland biologist finds good growth and progression toward the goal of reaching the same ecological function. Marsh grasses are growing and there is good coverage of plants, and animals like crabs and herons can be seen. However, in the 10th area, there is only one plant visible, no animals, and it is not clear why. The wetland biologist must determine what the problem is and solve it to get the marshland mitigation area to grow and function like the others.
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Career: Wetland biologist
Education or skills required: The minimum education required to become a wetland specialist is to complete a bachelor’s degree in science majoring in biology, ecology or a similar discipline. To progress a career as a wetland specialist a masters or Ph. D. is often required, depending on what you wish to do. It is possible, in some jobs and settings, to assist a qualified wetland biologist as a technician with just a high school diploma or a two-year degree.
Career description:
Wetland biology is a growing area within the fields of biology and the biological sciences. Biology is the study of all life – plant and animal – and how they react with their environment. Wetland biology is about the relationship between a wetland environment and the plant and animal life that lives there. They are often called upon to determine how healthy and ecologically functional certain wetlands are. They can be called upon to test water and soil, conduct surveys of animal and plant life, or conduct formal monitoring over time. Formal monitoring involves establishing permanent, fixed locations in which to assess the percent coverage of certain plants. Formal monitoring involves taking photos, generating charts and graphs and comparing the growth or health of the area over time. Informal monitoring might involve a simple check to see if the area is alive and determining if the area is relatively healthy, given age and circumstances surrounding the area.
Which two of the following items will the wetland biologist most likely check, in order to solve the mystery?
Weather                                                               Water Testing
Dumping                                                              Runoff from Golf Course
Plant Identification                                             Snails or Fungus
Answer on your Wetland Activity Sheet, available from your teacher or below:
WETLAND ACTVITY SHEET PDF
After exploring the information above and recording data you think is important on your worksheet, please consider what the next steps will be to solve the problem. Knowing what the problem is constitutes the first step. What second and third steps do you think the wetland biologist should take to bring this mitigation area back to life?
Weather:
The wetland biologist reviewed the weather reports for the past two weeks prior to the monitoring date. For most dates, it was sunny, hot, humid with afternoon thundershowers dropping ¼ to ¾ inch of rain. There were only two days that it did not rain in the afternoon.
Dumping:
The area could have been impacted by someone illegally dumping chemicals, trash or other things into the water. Dumping is a problem in Florida, with many natural wetlands impacted and even killed by this illegal activity. The images below are typical when dumping has occurred in or near a wetland.
Usually with dumping, you see tire tracks leading to the wetland and also barrels, boxes or bags thrown into the water or around the area. The wetland biologist did not note any of these signs in Mitigation Area 10.
Plant Identification:
There is one plant left alive . What kind of plant is it? Plant seen in mitigation area 10:
Species of Plants:
Identify the plant above by using the photos below.
Water Testing:
There is water in Mitigation Area 10. Water testing can give a wide variety of information and can indicate if a pond is polluted, is being impacted by fertilizer or is suffering from a lack of oxygen.
Parameter | Ocean | Brackish water | Fresh water | Area 10 |
Dissolved O2Â / % saturation | 80-120% | 80-120% | 80-120% | 100% |
Dissolved O2 mg per L | 6.5-8 mg/L | 6.5-8 mg/L | 6.5-8 mg/L | 7.5 mg/L |
pH | 8 – 8.2 | 7.8 – 8.4 | 6.5 – 8.5 | 6.5 |
Turbidity (NT Units) | 5-30 NTU’s | 5-30 NTU’s | 1-30 NTU’s | 3 NTU’s |
Salinity (parts per thousand) | 33-37 ppt | 5-32 ppt | =/< 0.5 ppt | 0.5 ppt |
Electro-conductivity milliSiemens per cm | 30-60 mS/cm | 0-40 mS/cm | -1.99 mS/cm | -1.99 mS/cm |
Temperature (degrees Celsius) * | 20-30 C | 20-30 C | 20-30 C | 29 C |
Nitrate (parts per million) | 10-40 ppm | 10-45 ppm | 15-50 ppm | 15 ppm |
Nitrite (parts per million) | 1-4 ppm | 1-8 ppm | 1-10 ppm | 4 ppm |
*Depends on season
The table in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th columns represents the data for each type of water (ocean water, brackish water, and fresh water). The data in the fifth column is data collected and recorded for area 10.Â
- Dissolved oxygen – Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen that is present in water. Water bodies receive oxygen from the atmosphere and from aquatic plants. Running water, such as that of a swift moving stream, dissolves more oxygen than the still water of a pond or lake.
- pH – a figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline.
- Turbidity – Turbidity is the amount of cloudiness in the water. This can vary from a river full of mud and silt where it would be impossible to see through the water (high turbidity), to a spring water which appears to be completely clear (low turbid- ity).
- Salinity – Salinity is the dissolved salt content of a body of water. It is a strong contributor to conductivity and helps determine many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and the biological processes within them.
- Electro-conductivity – Measuring the electro-conductivity of water shows how easily an electrical current can be carried by the ions in a sample of water. The reason that the conductivity of water is important is because it can tell you how much dissolved substances, chemicals, and minerals are present in the water. Higher amounts of these impurities will lead to a higher conductivity.
- Nitrate – common chemical found in fertilizers. It is also naturally found in most bodies of water, but in very low concentrations.
- Nitrite – a by-product of nitrate. Bacteria in the water will break down nitrate into nitrite. Nitrite is significantly more toxic that nitrate and should not be present in water, except in very small amounts. High amounts of nitrite indicate a body of water at or near death.
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Runoff from Golf Course:
Run off occurs when fertilizer from crops, golf courses or lawns is carried into ponds, lakes and streams when rain water ‘runs off’ the grass or field. Run off can cause waterway to become ‘eutrophic’ or die from excess nutrients. This process usually involves ‘green water’ or water that has a lot of algae and excess plant growth. The images below are all examples of water impacted by run off.
Snails or Fungus:
There could be a biological reason for the mitigation area to die off. These include things like a significant overgrowth of snails that damage the plants, opening them up to infection by a fungus. Or a disease of cordgrass that could kill off most of the plants seen in the mitigation area. These types of biological impacts can often be identified by the appearance of the area.
